Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds required in some essential metabolic reactions.

Vitamins are classified as water soluble and as a fat-soluble (ie, are absorbed in the intestinal tract with the help of lipids). Each vitamin is used in many reactions and, therefore, has multiple functions.

In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, K), and 9 water-soluble (8 B-group vitamins and vitamin C).

Most vitamins are obtained through diet, and a few other other ways. Vitamin K and biotin are produced by the bacterial flora of the intestine, while a form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with the help of ultraviolet rays. Moreover, humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they eat. For example, vitamin A is produced by beta-carotene.

Vitamins are essential for normal growth and development of a multicellular organism.
But even when the growth and development are complete, vitamins are essential nutrients for maintaining the health of cells, tissues, and organs. Make it possible to use chemical energy obtained from food, as well as help the body to process proteins, carbohydrates and fats required for respiration.

The vitamin deficiency may be primary or secondary. When the body does not get enough vitamins from food, there is a primary deficiency. Minor deficiencies may be attributable to another disorder that prevents latent or assoprbimento or restricts the use, and often due to factors carried over lifestyle such as smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, use of drugs, or restrictive diets.

The human body does not store most vitamins, and thus requires constant engagement through diet. The body stores the different ways in different vitamins: vitamins A, D and B12 are stored in high quantities, especially in the liver, additional applications of these organic vitamins for a few months, while the B3 is not stored in large quantities and reserve is sufficient for a couple of weeks.

The most well known vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (pellagra), viatmina C (scurvy) and vitamin D (rickets).
However, even high doses of vitamins can lead to side effects. The likelihood of an overdose through the food of each vitamin is rather remote, however it is possible to overdose through vitamin supplements. At sufficiently high doses there may be nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. In these cases, simply stop the integration.


VITAMINS
Vitamin A or retinoids
the reinolo, the animal form of vitamin A is a liposoluble vitamin yellow rporpietà by antioxidants, central vision and bone growth
other retinoids are used in medicine


Vitamin B

B group vitamins: B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridossina), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cianocolbalamina)
supports and increases metabolism
maintains healthy skin and muscle tone
enhance the functions of the immune system and nervous
promotes growth and cell division, including TYPE of red blood cells that help prevent anemia
the vitamins of B group together to help combat the symptoms and causes of stress, depression and cardiovascular disorders
grppo of the B vitamins are water soluble and are dispersed through the body and the excesses are eliminated through the urine


Vitamin C or ascorbic acid

antioxidant, it acts by reducing the stress ossidetivo
enzyme cofactor in the biosynthesis of many biochemical factors:
 idrossilazione part of the collagen and, therefore, is essential for the maintenance and development of scar tissue, blood vessels and cartilage
necessary for the synthesis of carnitine, or for the transport of fatty acids in mitochondria to generate ATP
parteciapa to the synthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine
increases the stability of the hormones
modulates the metabolism of tyrosine
in biological tissues that accumulate over 100 times the level of vitamin C in the blood are the adrenal glands, the pituitary, the thymus, the co luteum and the retina
10-50 times the levels of blood vitamin C are accumulated in brain, spleen, lungs, testes, lymph nodes, liver, thyroid gland, mucosa of the small intestine, leukocytes, pancreas, kidneys, and salivary glands

Vitamin D or cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol

central role in maintaining the system of organs
regulates the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood by promoting their absorption from food in the intestines and by promoting the absorption of calcium in the kidneys
promotes the formation and mineralization of bone and is essential in the development of the skeleton
inhibits parathyroid secretion by the parathyroid gland
acting on the immune system by promoting immunosuppression, phagocytosis, and the anti-tumor activity


Vitamin E or Tocopherol and Tocotrienol
liposoluble vitamin
antioxidant properties
is found in 8 forms or isomers, each of which has its biological activity

Vitamin K or naftochinone
produced by bacteria intestine
deficiency of vitamin K is extremely rare

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